Terms
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The North
The South 分裂的原因 Union Confederacy Abraham Lincoln Jefferson Davis 北部的优势 南部的优势 |
First Bull Run
Thomas Jackson Anaconda Plan Soldier Life 威廉Quantrill 游击战争 Western Theater Eastern Theater Trans-Mississippi剧院 Shiloh 安提耶坦战役 解放奴隶宣言 |
Ulysses S. Grant
Robert E. Lee 东南密苏里州 Contrabands Gettysburg Vicksburg 格兰特1864年的竞选 Atlanta 谢尔曼向大海进军 Appomattox 林肯被暗杀 |
Assignments
1861-1865年内战
War for the Union
南方独立战争
起义战争
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当邦联向萨姆特堡开火时，内战终于开始了. 虽然正规军参加内战有很多原因, 它开始的原因对北方和南方来说都很清楚. In the North, President Abraham Lincoln made it clear that the North's 他的目标(最初)只是为了保存或拯救联邦, 让已经离开的南方各州回归美国. The South made it clear that the reason that it left, or seceded was because they believed the North would never allow slavery to expand and would threaten the institution of slavery where it already existed now that there were more "free states" than there were "slave states."
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The Confederacy 一开始是虚构的吗, 南部七州之一, but eventually four more states from the Upper South would join and two border states as well (that's the reason there are thirteen stars on the Confederate flag. The Confederacy consisted of the following states: Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Texas, Tennessee, and eventually the border states of Missouri and Kentucky (11th and 12th stars on the Confederate flag).
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 Jefferson Davis
The South or Confederacy elected President Jefferson Davis 成为他们的总统. Davis was a slave owner from Mississippi who had experience in the army as an officer during the Mexican-American War and as a politician having formally been a secretary of War for President Zachery Taylor. The Confederate capital was in Richmond, Virginia, 在联邦或北方首府华盛顿100英里以内.C.
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Confederate Capital building in Richmond.
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联邦(北方)
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The Union 是由共和党人，伊利诺伊州的亚伯拉罕·林肯总统领导的. 林肯对奴隶制的看法终其一生都在改变. By the time he became president of the United States, Lincoln was personally against slavery, but he had no intentions at first of making slavery illegal where it already existed.
大部分的北方州都在过去的西北地区, like Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Wisconsin, and Illinois, 加入林肯号召的75人,000 troops in order to put down the rebellion in the South because they wanted to keep the Union the together, 大多数人并不反对奴隶制.
联邦在战争中的优势 -战争开始时，联邦对南方有几个优势:
1. 2200万士兵将加入内战，为联邦而战, the North had a much larger population than the South. 南方只有900万人. 2. Transportation - the North had a much better train and steamboat transportation system that would help move soldiers and materials to the front where the fighting was. 3. Industry - 90% of the factories used to make weapons and war materials were located in the North. |
Abe Lincoln
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南部的优势 - The South may not have had the amount of men, factories, 或者北方的火车, but it would fight a defensive war which takes less men to be successful. The South planned to dig fortifications or earthworks, get behind them, and wait for the Union soldiers to attack. 因为南方联盟军会躲在防御工事后面, 他们很可能能够杀死更多的敌人.
2. The South had more trained military officers with experience than the North. 更多来自旧美国的官员.S. Army were from the South than the North. When the Southern states left or seceded, those officers resigned from their positions in the U.S. Army and joined their own state Confederate units.
3. The Southern culture was built around rural farming, which gave Southerners an edge on riding horses. Confederate cavalry was more experienced at the beginning of the war and had better horses than the Northern cavalry (Cavalry is a unit soldiers on horseback).
4. The South planned to wear the North down by making them attack them in well prepared earthworks and eventually they believed the Northern people would tire of war and eventually quit.
2. The South had more trained military officers with experience than the North. 更多来自旧美国的官员.S. Army were from the South than the North. When the Southern states left or seceded, those officers resigned from their positions in the U.S. Army and joined their own state Confederate units.
3. The Southern culture was built around rural farming, which gave Southerners an edge on riding horses. Confederate cavalry was more experienced at the beginning of the war and had better horses than the Northern cavalry (Cavalry is a unit soldiers on horseback).
4. The South planned to wear the North down by making them attack them in well prepared earthworks and eventually they believed the Northern people would tire of war and eventually quit.
Union Soldiers
邦联士兵
第一次布尔溪战役
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After Fort Sumter, the Union and Confederates began gathering for a battle they knew would be coming between the Confederate capital in Richmond, and the Union capital in Washington D.C.
1861年7月21日，37,000名联邦士兵从华盛顿特区出发.C. toward Manassas Junction located near Bull Run Creek. This would be the first taste of real combat for most of the soldiers and they did not know what to expect.
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Map of the battle at First Bull Run.
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石墙杰克逊在布尔朗
在邦联将军P. G. T. Beauregard were camped along the south side of Bull Run Creek when the Union soldiers arrived on the battlefield on the north side of Bull Run Creek. There was only one bridge across the creek. Both sides faked crossing the bridge and found shallow places in the creek above and below the bridge to cross instead. 整个上午, Union soldiers began pushing the Confederates back and looked like they might win the battle. 南方联盟的援军到达了，在南方联盟的指挥下 托马斯·杰克逊将军, they stood firm refusing to fallback or retreat. One officer who saw Jackson's men exclaimed, “杰克逊将军和他的弗吉尼亚人像一堵石墙一样站在那里!从那一刻起，杰克逊将军就成了“石墙”杰克逊. Jackson ordered his men to charge the Union soldiers, this caused the Union soldiers to break and run. The battle was over, the Confederates had won.
联邦军从布尔溪的撤退变成了恐慌, wealthy people had shown up to watch the battle from a ridge near the battlefield, the scene was almost like a picnic, they hadn't planned on Union soldiers losing the battle and running through them in confusion. Union soldiers ran all of the way back to Washington. The first major battle of the Civil War had ended in a Confederate defeat. Many began to realize that this might be a long war, instead of short one.
Union Strategy - The Anaconda Plan
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欧盟最大的战略之一就是利用美国的经济实力.S. 海军来打败南方联盟. The Confederates had little to no actual Navy especially early in the war. 这个计划，叫做 Anaconda Plan, 是用军舰控制南方的主要河流, while also creating a wall of naval ships that would anchor just off of the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic coast. This way the Confederacy would be able to ship supplies or receive help from European governments for weapons and supplies, 因此,压缩, or squeezing the life out of the South just like the Anaconda snake does its prey.
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Anaconda Map
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Soldiers Life
军营里的联邦士兵.
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The reasons that soldiers joined the Civil War were as varied as the types of people that fought in it. In the North, most wanted to preserve the Union, while others wanted to fight to end slavery. In the South, the vast majority of soldiers did not own slaves and believed they were fighting to preserve the independence of their state from what they believed was an over powerful federal or national government.
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军营里的联邦士兵.
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Once they joined, they found out that very little of being a soldier was actually fighting. Most of their time was spend in camp, doing drill to learn how to be better soldiers, 挖掘工事, or just waiting for something to happen. Because many of these soldiers had never been in large groups of people before, 疾病取代子弹成为士兵的头号杀手. 糟糕的食物和糟糕的饮用水对情况没有帮助.
大型联邦军军营.
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Soldiers came up with ways to pass the time in camp. They played games with dice and cards, although gambling was not allowed, they did it anyway. They began playing a new game called round ball, which became the game of baseball. 他们唱歌，读报，给亲人写信.
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密苏里边境战争
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Because of the fighting that occurred during Bleeding Kansas before the war, many Missourians along the Kansas and Missouri border already hated one another. This hatred became very personal as pro-slavery men from Missouri and anti-slavery men from Kansas began using the war as an excuse to attack each other, often times burning down the homes and killing family members of those they did not like.
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密苏里游击战士
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威廉Quantrill
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On the Missouri side of the border, men gathered in small groups or bands to fight together. They were not interested in the large scale battles and discipline that it took to be soldiers in the regular army, they joined to protect their homes and attack the people and homes of their enemies which were Union forces and people from Kansas. 其中一些人，叫 丛林猎人或游击战士, had experienced personal wrongs that had been done to their family which made their hatred very deep. One man, 威廉Quantrill had been a school teacher before the Civil War. Since his family were called Southern sympathizers, or someone who tended to take the side of the South, his sister was rounded up by Union soldiers along with the family members of other guerrilla fighters and housed in an old jail in Kansas City, 坍塌导致包括匡特里尔妹妹在内的几个人死亡. 匡特里尔是战争中最臭名昭著的游击战士之一.
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In 1863, Quantrill got his revenge when he gathered a large group of guerrilla fighters and attacked the Jayhawker, 或是反对奴隶制的劳伦斯镇, Kansas, where they killed every male in town they could find. The fighting in Missouri was like that everywhere, even in 东南密苏里州. 这变成了兄弟之间的斗争.
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血腥比尔·安德森
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战争的剧院
Eastern最激烈或规模最大的战役发生在哪里. 主要位于弗吉尼亚州和大西洋沿岸的州. Example of Easter Theater battles: First Bull Run, Antietam, Gettysburg, Appomattox.
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Western位于大西洋各州以西，毗邻密西西比河. States like Tennessee, Kentucky, Alabama, Mississippi. Battles included: Shiloh, Vicksburg, and many others. Sometimes people include the western sides of North Carolina and South Carolina in the Western Theater.
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Trans-MississippiLocated WEST of the Mississippi River. Includes Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and Indian Territory (Oklahoma). Some of the battles: Wilson's Creek, Cape Girardeau, Pea Ridge, New Orleans. 因为它离美国的首都很远.S. and C.S. 力量，它经常被忽视.
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1861 - 1862
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In 1861 the Union suffered two major defeats, First Bull Run and Wilson's Creek, Mo. In August of 1861, Union forces outside of Springfield, 密苏里被邦联将军斯特林·普莱斯击败. In November of 1861 Union troops occupied Cape Girardeau, under the command of 尤利西斯将军. Grant.
格兰特不是那种坐以待毙的将军. 1861年11月8日，他带领两支纵队向南挺进. 一个去了布卢姆菲尔德, 密苏里州于11月9日, 1861 soldiers from Illinois took over the newspaper office in Bloomfield and started the Stars and Stripes Newspaper.
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Ulysses S. Grant
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The second column moved South by steamboats and unloaded at a place called Belmont, 在今天的东草原附近, Missouri. Here Grant fought his first Civil War battle. The battle ended in a draw and he retreated back to the safety of Cape Girardeau.
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Battles of Fort Donelson - February 1862
Grant was transferred east across the Mississippi and Ohio rivers to Paducah, 1862年1月在肯塔基. 做一个实干家, Grant wanted to move south through Kentucky and into Tennessee and take control of two rivers, the Tennessee River and Cumberland Rivers. There were two forts on those rivers, one, Ft. 亨利在田纳西河上. Having been flooded recently by heavy rain, the Confederates left or evacuated Ft. 1862年2月6日. Grant then turned his attention to Ft. Donelson about ten miles away on the Cumberland River. On February 13, 1862, Grant had Ft. Donelson surrounded on three sides with the river on the back of the fort guarded by Union gunboats. 1862年2月16日，南军向格兰特投降. This gave President Abraham Lincoln the first major Union victories of the war and made Grant a national hero.
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The Battle of Shiloh1862年4月6日至7日
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Grant wasn't satisfied to sit by and do nothing. 捕获Ft后. Donelson, Grant regrouped his men and marched south to Pittsburg's Landing on the Tennessee River about ten miles from the border with Mississippi. His men camped in the woods surrounding a small church, called Shiloh Church. Grant's plan was to wait until good weather arrived and continue his move south and eventually attack the Confederates who were dug in about twenty miles away at Corinth, Mississippi.
The Confederates at Corinth were under the command of Albert Sydney Johnston and his Army of Tennessee, about 40,000 men. Johnston was an aggressive fighter and knew that Grant was camped at Pittsburgh's Landing. Johnston rightly believed that Grant wouldn't be prepared for an attack on his forces at Pittsburgh's Landing. On April 5, 1862. 约翰斯顿将他的军队向北转移，以突袭格兰特的军队.
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Confederate General Albert Sydney Johnston rallying his Confederate troops before attacking.
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4月6日白天, 1862, Confederates rushed out of the woods in a charge toward Grant's unsuspecting army, 他们中的许多人还在睡觉或做早餐. 格兰特的军队试图集结或重组，但很快就被击退. Union soldiers made a desperate stand at a crossroads later known as the hornet's nest because the bullets that whizzed by sounded like angry hornets. Johnston urged the Confederates forward, 下午晚些时候，他的膝盖被一颗联邦子弹击中, it cut an artery and he soon bled to death. As darkness fell, the Confederates only needed a few more hours the next day to finish the job.
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格兰特松了一口气, 4月6日晚, Union reinforcements arrived under Don Carlos Buell. The next morning, April 7th, 邦联将军PGT Beauregard, 约翰斯顿死后，他指挥着在夏伊洛的邦联军队, found that he was facing thousands of fresh troops. Grant with his new forces attacked the Confederates and drove them from the field, Grant had won another major victory for the North, but this one came at a higher price than any of the other battles that had been fought. 超过13,000名联邦士兵受伤，死亡或被俘. 南军损失了10多人,000 in wounded, killed, 或者被俘的(受伤的)士兵, killed, 或被俘者称为伤亡人员). The battle of Shiloh showed the country that the Civil War was going to be a long and bloody war.
Painting of the Hornet's Nest at Shiloh.
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Actual picture of Hornet's Nest at Shiloh.
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在东部战区(1862年
联邦将军乔治·B. McClellan
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In Virginia during 1862, a lot happened. 联邦将军乔治·B. McClellan tried to take the Confederate capital of Richmond by marching up the Peninsula from the east. After a series of battles called the 7 Days Battles, thousands of troops were killed or wounded and McClellan still had not taken the capital. 南方联盟军由南方联盟将军约瑟夫. 约翰斯顿，他在一次战斗中负伤，一个叫 Robert E. Lee took over the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, a position he held until the end of the war.
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邦联将军罗伯特·E. Lee
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The Battle of Antietam1862年9月17日
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In the fall of 1862, Confederate General Robert E. Lee 想把战争打到北方，把他的军队北上马里兰. 9月17日上午, 1862, Lee's army was camped outside of Sharpsburg, 马里兰州面对安提特姆河. 小河的对面是联邦将军乔治·B. McClellan. 麦克莱伦有八万七千人，而李只有不到四万人. 这对李来说更糟, 他的命令副本, 特别订单#191, had fallen into the hands of McClellan, who should have been able to crush Lee with superior numbers and Lee's battle plan, but McClellan was a man of extreme caution.
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Confederate dead at Bloody Lane at Antietam.
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今天安提特姆的血腥巷.
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McClellan attacked Lee's forces first on the North end of the battlefield, 但没有其他地方, this allowed Lee to move troops to that area of the battlefield to help stop the Union soldiers, it was mostly fought in a cornfield. After the Union was repulsed or beaten back there, McClellan then attacked the Confederate center at what became known as the Bloody Lane, again, Lee was able to stop McClellan because he did not put all of his troops on the attack at once. 下午晚些时候, Union soldiers attacked on the Confederate right or southern end of the battlefield at Burnside's Bridge, which they finally took and successfully held but not before receiving horrible casualties. 李将军担心他无法忍受第二天的再次进攻, 他们撤退了，这被称为联邦的轻微胜利.
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Antietam is one of the most important battle of the Civil War for a couple of reasons. First, it was the bloodiest single day in American history (and remains to this day), with over 22,双方有000人阵亡, wounded, 或者在一天内捕获. Secondly, 更重要的是, it was the Union victory that Abraham Lincoln looked for to issue his 解放奴隶宣言.
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邦联战死在安提特姆
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林肯颁布了 解放奴隶宣言 which freed all of the slaves in STATES OF REBELLION. 这使得这场战争不仅仅是为了维护联邦, 这是一场解放数百万被奴役的非裔美国人的战争, also called, “自由的新生." This victory for the Union also ensured that European powers would not interfere and join the side of the Confederates.
Col. Robert Gould Shaw
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With the issue of the 解放奴隶宣言, Lincoln also authorized that blacks, 他们是否曾经是被释放的奴隶 contrabands), 或者已经是自由人了, could join the Union army in special units to fight against the Confederates. 他成立了美国有色人种部队(USCT). The most famous of which was the 54th Massachusetts commanded by Robert Gould Shaw, 来自波士顿的废奴主义者. The 马萨诸塞第54步兵团 became famous after their attack on the Confederate Fort Wagner outside of Charleston, South Carolina. The first black troops used in battle, however, occurred at the battle of Island Mound in Missouri.
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马萨诸塞第54步兵团
东南密苏里州
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The Civil War in 东南密苏里州 was similar to other areas of Missouri. The first major battle was at Fredricktown, 1861年9月在密苏里, then Belmont in November of that year. In March of 1862, Union troops marched from Cape Girardeau and surrounded Confederates at New Madrid, Missouri and Island #10 on the Mississippi River. After using large gunboats to fire on the town, 同盟军越过河流撤退到田纳西, 到1862年4月下旬，密苏里东南部的大部分地区已落入联邦政府手中.
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同盟者约翰·S. Marmaduke
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在1862年和1863年的大部分时间里, 联盟军试图从买球app软件招募士兵，并取得了一些成功. Over 800 Stoddard Countians fought for the South during the Civil War while only about 100 fought for the North. In the spring of 1863, Confederate General John S. Marmaduke led 8,000 Confederate Cavalrymen through southeast Missouri and attacked the forts at Cape Girardeau. Defeated they retreated back down the Cape Road and fought a battle at Bloomfield on April 30, 1863, before slipping back into Arkansas. That was the last time any sizable Confederate force would be in southeast Missouri until 1864 when General Sterling Price made a raid into Missouri. The Civil War in 东南密苏里州 was mainly guerrilla warfare and small skirmishes between Union and Confederate cavalrymen. While Missouri did not have a lot of big battles, 内战期间，它是所有州中战斗次数第三多的州.
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1863
Gettysburg
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1863年成为美国内战的关键一年. 在东部，罗伯特. Lee invaded the North again in order to get a decisive victory in enemy territory. For three days, his Army of Northern Virginia battled Union General George G. Meade's Army of the Potomac at small crossroads town in Pennsylvania called Gettysburg. Tens of thousands of soldiers were killed or wounded in the three days of fighting, 但最重要的是, 这是李将军第一次在战斗中被打败. 葛底斯堡是一个转折点, Lee had lost more men than he could replace, 他的许多最优秀的指挥官在战斗中阵亡或受伤.
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Confederate prisoners at Gettysburg
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在西部战区，另一场伟大的战役正在展开. 联邦将军尤利西斯. 格兰特确信南方联盟的据点在 Vicksburg, Mississippi, located on the river, must be taken. If Vicksburg fell, the Union would control the Mississippi River from New Madrid to New Orleans. On May 1, 1863, Grant landed his army south of Vicksburg at Port Gibson, Mississippi. Confederate Missouri troops under John S. Bowen and Gen. Francis Marion Cockrell fought against Grant's army which was more than twice the size of their small army. A series of battles were fought at the Confederates retreated toward the huge fortifications of Vicksburg. On May 19, 1863, Grant had the Confederates trapped in Vicksburg and began siege operations to starve or blow them out of Vicksburg.
After 47 days of siege, Confederates under John C. Pemberton, surrendered to Ulysses S. 1863年7月4日，联邦控制了密西西比河.
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1864
Gen. William T. Sherman
1864年夏天，在联邦将军威廉. 谢尔曼发起了夺取南方城市亚特兰大的战役, Georgia, 南方最重要的制造业城市之一. After a series of battles outside of Atlanta, on July 22, 1864, Union troops captured Atlanta and ran Confederates out of the city. This was a major victory for the Union, now the Union could use Atlanta to ship men and supplies to other places where fighting was occurring in the South.
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In November of 1864, Sherman began a march with his army east through Georgia from Atlanta. His goal was to march his army to the Atlantic coast near Savannah and then turn north and go through South Carolina and North Carolina and meet up with Grant in Virginia. Along the way he would burn and destroy any Southern resources that he wanted. He wanted to make the South pay for starting the war, 在他所谓的, total war, 或者把战争带给人民. 谢尔曼向大海进军这对谢尔曼来说是一次伟大的胜利. He captured key cities like Savannah and Charleston, 甚至在北卡罗来纳州击败了南方邦联军队. Many people that live in Georgia and South Carolina even today still hate Sherman for the destruction he caused in his march to the sea.
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谢尔曼的《向大海进军
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1864年格兰特的陆上战役
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By 1864, Abraham Lincoln moved Ulysses S. Grant to the Eastern Theater to help defeat Robert E. Lee. Grant's plan was to use his superior forces in a drive to take the Confederate capital during the summer of 1864. Beginning in May, Grant attacked Lee's forces in a densely wooded area known as the Wilderness on May 8-9. Grant suffered horrible casualties in what was technically a Confederate victory, 而是拒绝撤退或停止, the next day Grant marched his army to the right of the Confederates in an effort to get between Lee and Richmond. 另一场战斗发生在斯波茨瓦尼亚法院，又是在那里, 格兰特的军队伤亡惨重, but still he tried to get around lee. Thinking that Lee's Army was exhausted and near done, Grant attacked Lee who was behind fortifications at a place called Cold Harbor from the end of May until June 12. Grant lost 7,000 men in one attack at Cold Harbor, but still he refused to quit and moved around Lee.
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Removing the dead bodies at Cold Harbor.
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Lee and Grant played a deadly game of leap frog, until finally Grant had Lee trapped in Petersburg, Virginia, just south of the Confederate capital. For 291 days, Lee's army remained in Petersburg, while Grant tried to starve him out.
1865
In April of 1865, Lee finally broke out of Petersburg, but his army was in bad shape. Most of his good commanders were dead or sick, his men were weak, 格兰特似乎精神抖擞，准备继续战斗. Lee, realizing that he had no realistic chance of winning decided that it was over and met with Grant at the Wilbur McLean house Appomattox 讨论投降的条件. On April 9, Grant and Lee met, and Lee agreed to surrender his Army of Northern Virginia. Confederate troops from the Trans-Mississippi and Western Theater were also surrendering, 内战结束了.
内战花费了625美元,000 dead soldiers from both North and South, 大约占当时美国总人口的2%, most of those dead were from disease. Now the big question became what would happen to those who had fought against the United States and how would the country begin to heal? How much, if any, would the South be punished?
约翰·威尔克斯·布斯
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林肯被暗杀的: On April 14, 1865, Lincoln attended a play at Ford's Theater in Washington, D.C. He was there to see the play, My American Cousin, a popular play at the time. An actor and former Confederate sympathizer (someone who agreed with the ideas of the South), 约翰·威尔克斯·布斯, entered the presidents private booth on the balcony. He opened the door and shot President Lincoln in the back of the head before jumping from the balcony onto the stage and through the back to a waiting horse for his getaway.
林肯被暗杀
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Booth had organized originally to kidnap the president and other officials but eventually changed the plan to murder. 他和其他几个人袭击了其他重要的美国政府官员. 最终，布斯被抓获并在枪战中丧生, those that helped him were also caught, most were hanged. What Booth didn't realize is that his actions not only did not help the South, it hurt it. Lincoln's plan to reconstruct the South was lenient and based more on healing wounds than punishing. Lincoln's death gave radical republicans who wanted to punish the South for the war a reason to gain power.